| "Every human life - Labyrinth in the center of which is death. Before finally cease to exist, a person goes through his final maze. Researcher Michael Ayr tone  H em on the ground more enigmatic structures than mazes. They beckon, confuse, scare and may even bring to the desperation of those who they provided. With a maze of connected a lot of mystical beliefs. Take at least that; entering the labyrinth, the man gets into "another world" and may lose life. There are many stories about the labyrinth from which escape is impossible. And even if the yield was close, some unknown force vozvraschapa victim to the original point ... Labyrinth refused to let their guests ... Scientists theorize that the solution lies in the device, the labyrinth, in its transitions and traps. Getting into them, a person loses orientation and immediately fell into a panic! In ancient times, labyrinths, used to drive crazy unwanted people and to heighten the deterrent transitions "decorated" with human bones, the images of demons and other evil spirits. |
| In the mythology of the labyrinth is a symbol death and rebirth. It protects the place, endowed with special powers, and limits access to it. This place embodies the transition zone between two worlds, and the maze is a symbolic gate. first similar to a maze of rock paintings have appeared on Earth in the Stone Age. It is hard to say what he meant prehistoric artist, carving sinuous lines and spirals, but the idea is conveyed through the centuries, finally becoming a global symbol - the seven lines swirling around the center. oldest one found the labyrinth considered a sign scrawled on the wall of the tomb in Luzzanase on the island of Sardinia, which was built At least four thousand years ago. In recent years, labyrinths, once full of sacred meaning, have become a common attribute of the parks and attractions, varying and complicating the extent that both transformed human imagination about the universe, whose original model was a maze. one reference the labyrinth draws the imagination of modern man extraordinarily complex, intricate tangled passages, narrow paths and blind alleys, surrounded by stone walls. Such a familiar image for us is really far from the "primary source". Most of the ancient "classical" labyrinth created by the same, well-defined pattern with a single very tortuous path leading from the entrance to the center. These are extant as petroglyphs labyrinths found in Galicia, in northwestern Spain, dating back to 2000 BC. er., clay tablets depicting the labyrinths found in Greek the city of Pylos, whose age is 3000 years, drawings of labyrinths, scrawled on the ruins of Gordion in Turkey relating to the year 750 BC. er.  Strictly speaking, Every intricate tangle of moves should be called a labyrinth. The classic version has seven concentric lines, tightly twisted around the central nucleus. Log in only one. A long way from it necessarily leads to the center, which, to be exact, is shifted slightly to the edge. Touching back to back, track maze nowhere intersect and can not communicate with each other. Leave the center building is only one way - the same that led to the goal. Other exits from the labyrinth there. Thus, wandered into his bosom a traveler does not have to rack their brains to solve complex problems: how to quickly get to the goals and get out. All you need to do - is to go down the path that leads to the center and bring back. otherwise arranged passages, puzzles, referred to English style "Maize» (maze). Maize in their structure more sophisticated and intricate shapes than mazes. Typically, such puzzles laid Several roads to the goal, two or more entrances and exits, paths communicate with each other and form a fork. Solve the Maze, that is to go to the center or any goal is not so simple. The creators have built complex tasks: choose the correct input, to guess the direction of the fork or not to fall twice on the same track. Maize idea goes back to the Middle Ages and is the result of the development of mathematical science, we are also interested in the classic labyrinth as the most ancient cultural symbol. simplest labyrinth existed in many versions. Making small changes in the techniques to create a basic model, it the author can easily increase or decrease the number of tracks, making a maze of square, rectangular, received different versions of the central nucleus. However, All these modifications came from the classical model, which was widely distributed throughout the world and remained unchanged for millennia, existed in its original form until the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.  Egyptian labyrinth most ancient labyrinth was near the lake of Birket-Ka-rune, located to the west of the Nile River, near the city of Cairo. It was built in 2300 BC and was a surrounded high walls, where there were fifteen hundred ground and the same number of underground facilities. The total area of the maze was 70 thousand square meters. Visitors not allowed to inspect the underground rooms of the labyrinth, there is located the tomb for the pharaohs and crocodiles - the sacred animals in Egypt. above the entrance the Egyptian labyrinth were inscribed the words: "madness or death - that had been there for a weak or vicious, nothing but strong and good find here life and immortality. " Many frivolous entered the door and not come out of it. This chasm, which returns back a courageous spirit. complex system of corridors, houses and rooms in the maze was so confusing that no conductor outsider could never find in him the way or leave. Labyrinth was immersed in absolute darkness, and when opened some doors, then they made a terrible sound, like thunder or the roar of a thousand lions. before big holidays spent in the maze mystery and bring the ritual sacrifice, including human. Since the ancient Egyptians express my respect for the god Sobek - a huge crocodile. In ancient manuscripts preserved information about what is really in a maze inhabited by crocodiles, which reached 30 meters in length.  ritsky maze most famous labyrinth is in Knossos, Crete. This is a copy of an Egyptian labyrinth, in the one-hundredth of its value. Built this maze Athenian sculptor Daedalus. Over its long history of the Cretan labyrinth several times destroyed and rebuilt again, and in 1380 BC and was destroyed completely abandoned, until the English archaeologist A. Evans did not find any mysterious hieroglyphic writing in the Oxford Museum. The letter said about the ancient maze. In 1900, archaeologist arrived at Crete and began to dig. Arthur Evans excavated pochtm 30 years and unearthed not a city, a palace, which is equal to the square whole city. This was the famous maze of Knossos, which was a building with total area of 22 thousand square meters, which took at least 5-6 levels above ground-floor, connected by walkways and staircases, and a series of underground vaults. The Cretan labyrinth was not an invention of the ancients, but the true wonder of architecture, in which There was something strange reason.  So, once in Cretan palaces and parks, people did not even know what went into the maze, giant granite at this time begins to draw vitality from the victim. The ancients knew that spend a long time in the maze you can not, otherwise you can seriously ill. Legend in the Cretan labyrinth of the Minotaur dwelt - a man with a bull's head, which every month they sacrificed 7 girls and 7 boys. Scary rite was interrupted due to Those brave, shoyu, who dared to enter the maze and destroyed the monster. Evans found no traces of a mythical animal, but something in the maze yet spoken в пользу древней легенды. Один из залов украшала фреска, изображавшая гиганта с бычьей головой. Под гранитной плитой в этом же зале было найдено множество человеческих bones. I do not if it remains of victims of the Minotaur?  revnegrechesky historian Pliny referred to the labyrinth on the island of Samos and Lemnos in the Mediterranean Sea. - The city of Pompeii, who died in the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD by. er. also had two of the maze. One of them, "House with a labyrinth, known for awesome mosaic floor, which depicts a battle of Theseus with the Minotaur. - Boys in the Roman Empire play in the maze, laid out on the field or on the streets. It was believed that so hardened their hearts and bodies. If a child wanted to punish him thrown in the maze at night. Survive - will be a real warrior. It is noteworthy that while in the maze enough wild birds and predators. So that the hardening in young centurions was still the same. - had its labyrinths in India - in the church Hapebt in Mysore and in China mazes built at the entrance to every town and even a house. Residents of the Middle Kingdom believed that the maze of red rescue from the spirits. Demons can only fly in a straight line, and if you build entrance is home to a maze, you can protect your home from evil spirits. - In Scandinavia, the Baltic Sea coast is over 600 stone labyrinths. Many of them are built by local fishermen, who believed that, going through them, provide a good catch and a happy return. In Russia, too have their own labyrinths. So, on the Solovetsky Islands there are about 30 mazes and more than 1000 mounds, burial mounds and a variety of symbolic patterns of stone. Most of them belong to the 11.1 millennia BC. er. Until now, these buildings are among the most mysterious places on Earth. They do not have any of vegetation, except for mosses and berries. Established plants and trees die, and animals avoid these places.  In Europe, the special distribution was received mazes of turf: sod mound in the center and a track leading to it in the form of shallow grooves. Typically, these mazes have been made in the shape of a circle with a diameter of 9 to 18 meters. But were square, and polygonal turf labyrinths, as well as those that were truly immense proportions. - From the late fifteenth century began to appear in the maze of temples, tiles on the church floor. Such interior images of labyrinths have become an integral part of the punishment, when the repentant sinner was to be held на коленях по всем изгибам и поворотам лабиринта. Такая епитимья налагалась на тех, кто не мог совершить паломничество к святым местам, и называлась "дорога in Jerusalem. "  With the spread of Christianity, an ancient pagan symbol of the labyrinth is gradually changed and became regarded as an allegorical image of the thorny path of man to God, or Way of the Cross of Christ. Labyrinth in the Christian philosophy and architecture becomes a metaphor for the material world, passing through which one must fight with the Minotaur - Satan. In the labyrinth of temptations and the sins of man, like Theseus, can rely only on their own resistance and saving the thread of Ariadne - Faith. This interpretation of the symbol of the labyrinth caused changes in its design. Go to the XII century in the dominant Christian tradition becomes a maze, with eleven tracks - a number of medieval Christians to symbolize the notion of "sin." Overlay Cross over concentric tracks led to the approval of quadrant form of labyrinths, although they are often preserved and commitment to the classical configuration. It was during this period, such images appear on the floors of churches and cathedrals of Europe. Magnificent mazes lined with colored stones, ceramic tile, marble, porphyry, decorated the floors of churches at Chartres, Pavia, Piacenza, Amiens, Reims, Saint-Omer, Rome. Many of them were decorated with allegorical images of Theseus and the Minotaur, with scenes from Scripture. The appointment of the majority of church labyrinths remains unclear. Speculation, that some of them could be used to correctly determine the date of Easter. Part of the labyrinth, seems to be an object of contemplation and discussion in theological conversations. It is known that the labyrinths in cathedrals of Chartres, Reims, Arras and Sanz became a kind of imitation of the pilgrims' road to Palestine, and sometimes called "The Way to Jerusalem". In those days, for the majority of the faithful trek to the Holy Land was impossible, and they made it in symbolic form - passed the entire church labyrinth on their knees, reading the prayers. art of creating mazes beginning to undergo significant changes with the expansion representations of the human world. The great geographical discoveries, successes of natural science, the emergence of the doctrine of plurality of worlds - all of this is reflected the philosophical perception of the labyrinth - a symbol of the universe and human life. Gradually disappear maze in which all pre-ordained path and only possible one, once and for all paved road. In their stead come increasingly complex, with numerous variations of passages where the man himself selects a path among the tangled paths and dead ends. Such mazes of hedges become an indispensable piece of many gardens and parks in Europe, becoming a very popular entertainment for the aristocracy. Numerous labyrinths are diverse and exquisite taste were constructed in the realm of powerful Clan Gonzaga from Mantua, a walk through the maze created in 1669 in the Versailles gardens, considered to be an exciting journey, and the labyrinth, planted in 1670 in the garden of the villa Altieri in Rome, became the favorite amusement of Pope Clement X, who liked to watch the attempts of his servants to find out. The greatest flowering of the art of creating "live" labyrinths reached in the UK, becoming one of the national symbols of the kingdom. Have survived the famous maze at Hampton's Court, arranged in 1690 for William of Orange. From old engravings was restored magnificent pattern of the labyrinth in the garden of Tudor House in Hatfield, in Hetfordshire still amazes winding path a maze of laurel bushes in Glendergen-House in Cornwall planted in 1833. Today, mazes, more and more complicated, are based on mathematical models and theories. Arranged in parks and tourist routes, they offer an exciting intellectual entertainment, test wits and luck. major unsolved mystery of the ancient character is his origin. Dozens of conjecture on this subject, and could not explain the emergence and spread around the world intricate picture twisty track. Perhaps this image was suggested by nature itself - spiral and labyrinth forms are characteristic for sinks some mollusks, distinguishable in the coral colony, underground tunnels of ant hills. Perhaps the ancient artists often draw simple spiral and sinuous line, gradually improving and complicating these geometric shapes, thus came to the symbol of the labyrinth. On the role of his "ancestors" and pretend to rock Images of concentric rings in the form of a bowl or depression, related to the Neolithic and distributed all along the Atlantic coast of Europe. A number of researchers believe that evolution is precisely these forms has led to a symbol of the labyrinth. Finally, suggestions that the labyrinth figure could appear when trying to depict early man complex motion of the sun and planets. History of the maze is still not finished. Its roads, like an endless ribbon of time, seek to further and further, leading the man to an unknown target, which is so desirable than a less predictable way in the maze. Superstitions of the maze - In ancient times, the image of the labyrinth was considered an excellent guardian. Thus, Indian tribes and the Tohono Pima from the U.S. state of Arizona and today, as thousands of years ago, weave baskets from the dried stems, leaves and roots of plants growing in the desert, and decorate them with a pattern-maze in order to protect themselves from evil spirits. In Pakistan and Iceland are the symbols of the labyrinth carved on the highest tree in the garden to scare away thieves. In Sri Lanka, the pattern of the labyrinth Interweave in the fabric for the quilt and the foundation of willow baskets, Scandinavia and India lay out a labyrinth of stones in deserted places or on the coast, if you want performance her dearest wish. True, there is his but. It is believed that the labyrinth in the exchange to realize a dream takes a person seven years of life. - Departing a dangerous place, you can try to draw a maze pattern on the palm. And the trouble will bypass you party. - In the maze do not take children under seven years old, referred 70-year milestone. Maze can supposedly take away the souls of those and others. - Do not go into the labyrinth and pregnant women - is a sign that another child can become entangled in umbilical cord. - Evil spirits that live in the labyrinth, you can cheat, if put on other people's things. So, if you get lost in the maze, change with his companion clothing, and out there soon. - In the passages of the labyrinth and its background is better not to be photographed, could start trouble in the life and memory problems and vision. - If standing in the center of the maze, make a wish, and then quickly find out, you can assume that your wish will be fulfilled quickly. - To avoid cunning maze, you need to leave any thing in the gift, such as throwing a coin. | |
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